Arbor Assays ELISA Kits

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Thyroid hormones regulate a number of developmental, metabolic, and neural activities throughout the body. The thyroid gland synthesizes 2 hormones: Thyroxine, which contains 4 atoms of iodine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3), which has 3 atoms of iodine. T3 production in the thyroid gland constitutes approximately 20% of the total T3; the rest is generated by the conversion (deiodination) of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues. Circulating levels of T4 are much greater than T3 levels, but T3 is biologically the most metabolically active hormone (3-4 times more potent than T4) although its effect is briefer due to its shorter half-life. Thyroid hormones circulate primarily bound to carrier proteins (eg, thyroid-binding globulin [TBG], prealbumin and albumin); whereas only a small fraction circulates unbound (free). The free form of T3 is the biologically active fraction. While both T3 and T4 are bound to TBG, T3 is bound less firmly than T4. Total T3 consists of both the bound and unbound fractions.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

TNF-alpha is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells.1 TNF-alpha is also important for resistance to infection and cancers.2 It is central to host defense and inflammatory responses but under certain circumstances also triggers necrosis or apoptosis. Its pleiotropic effects often lead to opposing outcomes during the development of immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s Disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and noninfectious uveitis.3,4,5 As a result, a number of TNF-alpha therapies and biologic agents have been FDA approved.6,7.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Thyroxine is the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Testosterone, C19H28O2, (4-Androsten-17β-ol-3-one) is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates1,2. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

17β-Estradiol, C18H24O2, also known as E2 or oestradiol (1, 3, 5(10)-Estratrien-3, 17β-diol) is a key regulator of growth, differentiation, and function in a wide array of tissues, including the male and female reproductive tracts, mammary gland, brain, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. The predominant biological effects of E2 are mediated through two distinct intracellular receptors, ERα and ERβ, each encoded by unique genes possessing the functional domain characteristics of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors1.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Retinol binding protein (RBP) is from a family of structurally related proteins that bind small hydrophobic molecules such as bile pigments, steroids, odorants, etc1. RBP is a 21 kDa highly conserved, single-chain glycoprotein, consisting of 182 amino acids with 3 disulfide bonds, that has a hydrophobic pocket which binds retinol (vitamin A).

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

In many species, uterine and placental Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2a) is involved in the regulation of reproductive and pregnancy-related processes such as embryonic development, initiation of parturition, and resumption of ovarian activity1. In domestic ruminants, uterine tissue is a primary source of PGF2a, and secretion of uterine PGF2a is a key regulator for the cyclical regression of the corpus luteum2-4.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin were isolated and synthesized by Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornel Medical College in 1953, work for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955. Oxytocin is a neurohypophysial peptide produced in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. The molecule consists of nine amino acids linked with a [1-6] disulfide bond and a semi-flexible carboxyamidated tail.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP [formerly known as brain natriuretic peptide]) is a member of the natriuretic peptide family, which also includes atrial-NP (ANP) and C-type NP (CNP).1,3 BNP was originally discovered in porcine brain and later identified in the heart and blood circulation.1