17-Hydroxyprogesterone ELISA Kits

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Testosterone, C19H28O2, (4-Androsten-17β-ol-3-one) is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates1,2. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Thyroxine is the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

TNF-alpha is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells.1 TNF-alpha is also important for resistance to infection and cancers.2 It is central to host defense and inflammatory responses but under certain circumstances also triggers necrosis or apoptosis. Its pleiotropic effects often lead to opposing outcomes during the development of immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s Disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and noninfectious uveitis.3,4,5 As a result, a number of TNF-alpha therapies and biologic agents have been FDA approved.6,7.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Thyroid hormones regulate a number of developmental, metabolic, and neural activities throughout the body. The thyroid gland synthesizes 2 hormones: Thyroxine, which contains 4 atoms of iodine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3), which has 3 atoms of iodine. T3 production in the thyroid gland constitutes approximately 20% of the total T3; the rest is generated by the conversion (deiodination) of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues. Circulating levels of T4 are much greater than T3 levels, but T3 is biologically the most metabolically active hormone (3-4 times more potent than T4) although its effect is briefer due to its shorter half-life. Thyroid hormones circulate primarily bound to carrier proteins (eg, thyroid-binding globulin [TBG], prealbumin and albumin); whereas only a small fraction circulates unbound (free). The free form of T3 is the biologically active fraction. While both T3 and T4 are bound to TBG, T3 is bound less firmly than T4. Total T3 consists of both the bound and unbound fractions.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The human C-Reactive Protein (CRP) ELISA Kit is designed to quantitatively measure CRP present in a variety of samples.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Estrone-3-Glucuronide (E1G) Enzyme Immunoassay Kit uses a specifically generated antibody to measure E1G and its metabolites in urine and fecal samples, or in extracted serum and plasma.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The Cortisol ELISA Kit quantitatively measures cortisol in saliva, urine, serum, plasma, dried fecal extracts, and tissue culture media samples.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The Prolactin (PRL) ELISA Kit quantitatively measures Prolactin levels in serum, plasma, and tissue culture media.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The Progesterone Metabolites ELISA Kit quantitatively measures Progesterone Metabolites in fecal extracts, urine, and tissue culture media.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Progesterone Immunoassay Kit is designed to quantitatively measure Progesterone present in extracted dried fecal samples, urine and tissue culture media samples.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Pregnanediol-3-Glucuronide (PDG) Immunoassay Kit uses a specifically generated antibody to measure PDG and its metabolites in urine and fecal samples, or in extracted serum and plasma.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Immunoassay kit is designed to quantitatively measure PGE2 present in serum, plasma, urine, saliva, cells, tissue, and tissue culture media samples.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Oxytocin Immunoassay Kit is designed to quantitatively measure Oxytocin present in serum,plasma, saliva, clarified milk and tissue culture media samples.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Human Osteopontin Immunoassay Kit is designed to quantitatively measure human Osteopontin present in biological samples and tissue culture media.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The human Myeloperoxidase (MPO) EIA kit is designed to quantitatively measure MPO present in a variety of samples and tissue culture media.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Insulin ELISA kit is designed to quantitatively measure insulin present in a variety samples and tissue culture media.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Levonorgestrel (LNG) Immunoassay kit is designed to quantitatively measure Levonorgestrel present in serum, plasma, saliva, urine, dried fecal samples, milk, and tissue culture media samples.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Estrone-3-Sulfate (E1S) Immunoassay Kit uses a specifically generated antibody to measure E1S in a variety of matrices, including serum, plasma, urine and fecal samples.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The Estriol ELISA Kit quantitatively measures Estriol in saliva, urine, extracted serum, extracted plasma, fecal extracts, and tissue culture media.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) ELISA Kit quantitatively measures TXB2 present in a variety of samples.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The 11-Ketotestosterone ELISA Kit quantitatively measures 11-Ketotestosterone in urine, extracted plasma, extracted serum, and dried fecal extracts. This competitive ELISA has a run time of 2.5 hours. Please read the complete kit insert for more information before performing this assay. Use our provided 11-Ketotestosterone standard to generate a standard curve for the assay.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The 17-Hydroxyprogesterone ELISA Kit quantitatively measures 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17HO-P) in extracted serum, extracted plasma, urine, fecal extracts, and tissue culture media. This competitive ELISA has a run time of 1.5 hours. Please read the complete kit insert for more information before performing this assay. Use our provided 17HO-P standard to generate a standard curve for the assay.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The DetectX® 2′,3′-Cyclic GAMP ELISA Kit quantitatively measures 2’,3’-cGAMP present in lysed cells and tissue, EDTA plasma, and tissue culture media samples. This competitive ELISA has a run time of 2.5 hours. Please read the complete kit insert before performing this assay. Use our provided 2’,3’-Cyclic GAMP (cGAMP) standard to generate a standard curve for the assay.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The first insect molting hormone was isolated from silkworm pupae and determined to be a steroid, so named ecdysone, in 19541. Later, 20-hydroxyecdysone was identified in crayfish and recognized as a derivative of ecdysone2. These molecules and related forms are a family of steroid hormones that regulate metamorphosis, cell death, reproduction in arthropods, and are widely distributed in plant species(phytoecdysteroids)3. Of the many ecdysteroids, 20-hydroxyecdysone is the most functionally active and widely distributed in arthropods4. To accommodate growth during all immature stages of insects and other arthropods, 20-hydroxyecdysone levels change and activate signaling through an ecdysone receptor that results in the synthesis of a new exoskeleton and ecdysis of the old cuticle4,5. In female mosquitoes and flies, 20-hydroxyecdysone regulates egg development5.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Cyclic dinucleotides are the most abundant second messenger in bacteria, modulating a variety of cellular activities in prokaryotic cells. 3’3’-cyclic GAMP (cyclic [G(3’,5’)pA(3’,5’)p], previously known as cGAMP) is a key mediator of bacterial signal transduction and regulation, controlling a range of diverse targets including transcription, enzyme activity and cell cycle progression. 3’3’-cGAMP signaling in bacteria is regulated in-part by gene regulatory RNA elements called riboswitches that bind and respond to cGAMP with high affinity and specificity1. The 3’3’-cGAMP riboswitches regulate genes involved in motility, biofilm formation, colonization, and virulence2, 3. The cyclic dinucleotides have emerged as key central regulators of bacterial physiology and inhibition studies of cGAMP signaling as an anti-microbial strategy are ongoing.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, also adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin) is a 39 amino acid polypeptide hormone (MW=4,500) secreted by the pituitary to regulate the production of steroid hormones by the zona fasciculata region of the adrenal cortex. ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) produced in response to biological stress. Its principal effects are increased production and release of glucocorticoids (GCs).

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Aldosterone, C21H28O5, is a mineralocorticoid first isolated by the husband and wife team of Simpson and Tait at University College, London in 19531. Initially called electrocortin, 21mg was isolated from 500 kg of beef adrenal glands. Aldosterone controls the sodium-potassium balance through the unidirectional salt reabsorption in a variety of tissues and glands2,3. Synthesized from cholesterol in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, secretion is regulated through the renin-angiotensin system4. Angiotensin II and potassium stimulate primary secretion by increasing the rate of production of the steroid.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Aldosterone, C21H28O5, is a mineralocorticoid first isolated by the husband and wife team of Simpson and Tait at University College, London in 19531. Initially called electrocortin, 21mg was isolated from 500 kg of beef adrenal glands. Aldosterone controls the sodium-potassium balance through the unidirectional salt reabsorption in a variety of tissues and glands2,3. Synthesized from cholesterol in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, secretion is regulated through the renin-angiotensin system4 . Angiotensin II and potassium stimulate primary secretion by increasing the rate of production of the steroid.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid present in the blood and the brain. Allopregnanolone is made from progesterone which is converted into 5α-dihydroprogesterone by 5α-reductase type I. 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase isoenzymes convert this intermediate into allopregnanolone. 3α-hydroxysteroids do not interact with classical intracellular steroid receptors but bind stereoselectively and with high affinity to receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, g-amino-butyric acid (GABA)1. While allopregnanolone, like other GABAA receptor active neurosteroids, such as allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, positively modulates all GABAA receptor isoforms, those isoforms containing δ-subunits exhibit greater magnitude potentiation.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Androstenedione is a steroid hormone also known as androst-4-ene-3,17-dione. It is synthesized from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or 17-hydroxyprogesterone1. By itself, androstenedione is a weak androgen though it is a precursor for biosynthesis of stronger androgens, such as testosterone and estrogens. Therefore, androstenedione is classified as a controlled drug and a supplement to enhance athletic performance and body energy.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, were isolated and synthesized by Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornel Medical College in 1953, work for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 19551. The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which is also known as an antidiuretic hormone, is involved in a wide range of physiological regulatory processes, including renal water reabsorption, cardiovascular homeostasis, hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, and modulation of social behavior and emotional status2

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, were isolated and synthesized by Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornel Medical College in 1953, work for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 19551. The neurohypophysial hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which is also known as an antidiuretic hormone, is involved in a wide range of physiological regulatory processes, including renal water reabsorption, cardiovascular homeostasis, hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, and modulation of social behavior and emotional status2.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The principle form of the peptide is the proANP form which is 126 amino acids long. ANP is derived from amino acids 99-126 to form the 28 amino acid peptide with a disulfide bond between amino acids 7 and 23. ANP is the main member of a family of structurally and functionally related peptide hormones that exert many effects on cardiovascular and renal function. The combined actions of ANP on vasculature, kidneys, and adrenals serve acutely and chronically to reduce systemic blood pressure and intravascular volume4,5. ANP and the related brain natriuretic peptide bind to their common receptor, membrane-type guanylyl cyclase-A, which leads to biological actions through a cGMP-dependent pathway.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins, which also includes serum amyloid P component (SAP). Human CRP is comprised of five noncovalently associated subunits and forms a homopentameric structure1. It is a widely used biomarker for systemic inflammation and tissue injury2. CRP specifically binds to phosphocholine (PCh) residues of polysaccharides on many microbial pathogens and on apoptotic or necrotic cell membranes in a Ca2+-dependent manner.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Corticosterone (C21H30O4, Kendall’s Compound ‘B’) is a glucocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland. Corticosterone is produced in response to stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ACTH and is the precursor of aldosterone. Corticosterone is a major indicator of stress and is the major stress steroid produced in non-human mammals. Studies involving corticosterone and levels of stress include impairment of long term memory retrieval1, chronic corticosterone elevation due to dietary restrictions2 and in response to burn injuries3. In addition to stress levels, corticosterone is believed to play a decisive role in sleep-wake patterns4,5.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Corticosterone (C21H30O4, Kendall’s Compound ‘B’) is a glucocorticoid secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland. Corticosterone is produced in response to stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ACTH and is the precursor of aldosterone. Corticosterone is a major indicator of stress and is the major stress steroid produced in non-human mammals. Studies involving corticosterone and levels of stress include impairment of long term memory retrieval1, chronic corticosterone elevation due to dietary restrictions2 and in response to burn injuries3. In addition to stress levels, corticosterone is believed to play a decisive role in sleep-wake patterns4,5.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Cortisol, C21H30O5, (hydrocortisone, compound F) is the primary glucocorticoid produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex. It is often referred to as the “stress hormone” as it is involved in the response to stress and it affects blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and other actions of stress adaptation. Immunologically, cortisol functions as an important anti-inflammatory and plays a role in hypersensitivity, immunosuppression, and disease resistance1. In the metabolic aspect, cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, and the reduction of glucose utilization2. Production of cortisol follows an ACTH-dependent circadian rhythm, with a peak level in the morning and decreasing levels throughout the day. Most serum cortisol, all but about 4%, is bound to proteins including corticosteroid binding globulin and serum albumin1,3. Only free cortisol is available to most receptors and it is through these receptors that physiological processes are modulated. Abnormal cortisol levels are being evaluated for correlation with a variety of different conditions, such as prostate cancer4, depression5, and schizophrenia6. It is already known that abnormal levels of cortisol are involved in Cushing’s Syndrome and Addision’s disease7.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Cortisone (C21H28O5, Kendall’s Compound ‘E’) was identified by Mason, Myers and Kendall in 1936 as Compound E extracted from bovine suprarenal gland tissue that had the qualitative but not quantitative activity of cortin. The presence of multiple cortin-like compounds led the authors to speculate that the study of Compound E would reveal the nature of cortin1. Compound E is now called cortisone and the more active Compound F, cortisol, and the concentrations of these two glucocorticoids vary due to the activity of two 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD) 2,3.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Cortisone (C21H28O5, Kendall’s Compound ‘E’) was identified by Mason, Myers and Kendall in 1936 as Compound E extracted from bovine suprarenal gland tissue that had the qualitative but not quantitative activity of cortin. The presence of multiple cortin-like compounds led the authors to speculate that the study of Compound E would reveal the nature of cortin1.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Adenosine-3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate, or cyclic AMP (cAMP), C10H12N5 O6 P, is one of the most important second messengers and a key intracellular regulator. Discovered by Sutherland and Rall in 19571, it functions as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH2-4. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Adenosine-3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate, or cyclic AMP (cAMP), C10H12N5 O6 P, is one of the most important second messengers and a key intracellular regulator. Discovered by Sutherland and Rall in 19571, it functions as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH2-4. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. In the Human Metabolome Database there are 166 metabolic enzymes listed that convert cAMP5.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Guanosine 3’, 5’-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP; cGMP) is a critical and multifunctional second messenger present at levels typically 10-100 fold lower than cAMP in most tissues. Intracellular cGMP is formed by the action of the enzyme guanylate cyclase on GTP and degraded through phosphodiesterase hydrolysis1-3. Guanylate cyclases (GC) are either soluble or membrane bound3,4. Soluble GCs are nitric oxide responsive, whereas membrane bound GCs respond to hormones such as acetylcholine, insulin and oxytocin. Other chemicals like serotonin and histamine also cause an increase in cGMP levels5,6. Cyclic GMP regulates cellular composition through cGMP-dependent kinase, cGMP dependent ion channels or transporters, and through its hydrolytic degradation by phosphodiesterase1,7.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Cystatin C is a non-glycosylated protein of low molecular weight (13kDa) in the cystatin superfamily. Cystatin C is produced at a constant rate in all nucleated cells, secreted from cells and thus found in detectable amounts in most body fluids1,2. Cystatin C belongs to the cysteine proteinase inhibitor group and is associated with several pathological conditions. Imbalance between Cystatin C and cysteine proteinases is associated with diseases such as inflammation, renal failure, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease multiple sclerosis and hereditary Cystatin C amyloid angiopathy1,3,4. Increased levels have been found in autoimmune diseases, with colorectal tumors and metastases, patients with inflammation and in patients on dialysis5,6,7. Cystatin C is removed from blood plasma by glomerular filtration in the kidneys.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, C19H28O5 S, (5-androsten-3ß, 16a-diol-17-one sulfate, DHEA-S) is the major C19 steroid secreted by the adrenal cortex, and is a precursor in testosterone and estrogen biosynthesis. It is produced by the addition of a sulfate group to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), catalyzed by the sulfotransferase enzymes, SULT1A1 and SULT1E1, which also produce estrone sulfate from estrone. DHEA sulfate can also be back-converted to DHEA through the action of steroid sulfatase. DHEA-S has relatively low androgenic activity due to the 17-ketone group rather than hydroxyl group1 . However the bioactivity of DHEA-S may be high due to its high serum concentrations at 100-1,000-fold higher than testosterone or DHEA and its weak affinity for sex-hormone binding globulin2.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Free radicals and other reactive species are constantly generated in vivo and cause oxidative damage to biomolecules, a process held in check only by the existence of multiple antioxidant and repair systems as well as the replacement of damaged nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Intracellular free radical species (ROS) are produced as a result of normal metabolism and extracellular forms are produced as a result of ultraviolet radiation or ionizing radiation.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a peptide of 21 amino acid residues, is a pleiotropic molecule known for its action as a potent vasoconstrictor1 . ET-1 is one of a family of three proteins encoded by distinct genes that also includes Endothelin-2 (ET-2) and Endothelin-3 (ET-3)2, 3. ET-2 and ET-3 differ from ET-1 by 2 and 6 amino acids, respectively1, 2.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Epiandrosterone, or 3ß-androsterone, also known as 3ß-hydroxy-5a-androstan-17-one or 5α-androstan-3ß-ol17-one, is a steroid hormone with weak androgenic activity. It is a natural metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) via the 5α-reductase enzyme. It was first isolated in 1931, by Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt and Kurt Tscherning. They distilled over 17,000 litres of male urine, from which they got 50 milligrams of crystalline androsterone (most likely mixed isomers), which was sufficient to determine the chemical formula.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

17β-Estradiol, C18H24O2, also known as E2 or oestradiol (1, 3, 5(10)-Estratrien-3, 17β-diol) is a key regulator of growth, differentiation, and function in a wide array of tissues, including the male and female reproductive tracts, mammary gland, brain, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. The predominant biological effects of E2 are mediated through two distinct intracellular receptors, ERa and ERβ, each encoded by unique genes possessing the functional domain characteristics of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors1.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Estrone, C18H22O2, also known as E1 or osterone (3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one) is a C-18 steroid hormone. Estrone is one of the three naturally occurring estrogens, the others being estradiol and estriol1. Estrone is produced primarily from androstenedione originating from the gonads or the adrenal cortex and from estradiol by 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase2.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Estrone-3-glucuronide, C24H30O8, (1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3-ol-17-one glucosiduronate, E1G) is the principle secreted form of circulating estradiol in mammals. Ovulation is the critical event of each menstrual cycle that occurs during the reproductive life of healthy females and the ovum can only be fertilized during the short period of time in which it is viable.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP [formerly known as brain natriuretic peptide]) is a member of the natriuretic peptide family, which also includes atrial-NP (ANP) and C-type NP (CNP).1,3 BNP was originally discovered in porcine brain and later identified in the heart and blood circulation.1

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin were isolated and synthesized by Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornel Medical College in 1953, work for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955. Oxytocin is a neurohypophysial peptide produced in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. The molecule consists of nine amino acids linked with a [1-6] disulfide bond and a semi-flexible carboxyamidated tail.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

In many species, uterine and placental Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2a) is involved in the regulation of reproductive and pregnancy-related processes such as embryonic development, initiation of parturition, and resumption of ovarian activity1. In domestic ruminants, uterine tissue is a primary source of PGF2a, and secretion of uterine PGF2a is a key regulator for the cyclical regression of the corpus luteum2-4.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Retinol binding protein (RBP) is from a family of structurally related proteins that bind small hydrophobic molecules such as bile pigments, steroids, odorants, etc1. RBP is a 21 kDa highly conserved, single-chain glycoprotein, consisting of 182 amino acids with 3 disulfide bonds, that has a hydrophobic pocket which binds retinol (vitamin A).

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

17β-Estradiol, C18H24O2, also known as E2 or oestradiol (1, 3, 5(10)-Estratrien-3, 17β-diol) is a key regulator of growth, differentiation, and function in a wide array of tissues, including the male and female reproductive tracts, mammary gland, brain, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. The predominant biological effects of E2 are mediated through two distinct intracellular receptors, ERα and ERβ, each encoded by unique genes possessing the functional domain characteristics of the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily of nuclear receptors1.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Testosterone, C19H28O2, (4-Androsten-17β-ol-3-one) is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates1,2. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Thyroxine is the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

TNF-alpha is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells.1 TNF-alpha is also important for resistance to infection and cancers.2 It is central to host defense and inflammatory responses but under certain circumstances also triggers necrosis or apoptosis. Its pleiotropic effects often lead to opposing outcomes during the development of immune-mediated diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s Disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and noninfectious uveitis.3,4,5 As a result, a number of TNF-alpha therapies and biologic agents have been FDA approved.6,7.

Manufacturer: Arbor Assays

Thyroid hormones regulate a number of developmental, metabolic, and neural activities throughout the body. The thyroid gland synthesizes 2 hormones: Thyroxine, which contains 4 atoms of iodine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3), which has 3 atoms of iodine. T3 production in the thyroid gland constitutes approximately 20% of the total T3; the rest is generated by the conversion (deiodination) of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues. Circulating levels of T4 are much greater than T3 levels, but T3 is biologically the most metabolically active hormone (3-4 times more potent than T4) although its effect is briefer due to its shorter half-life. Thyroid hormones circulate primarily bound to carrier proteins (eg, thyroid-binding globulin [TBG], prealbumin and albumin); whereas only a small fraction circulates unbound (free). The free form of T3 is the biologically active fraction. While both T3 and T4 are bound to TBG, T3 is bound less firmly than T4. Total T3 consists of both the bound and unbound fractions.