Recombinant Human TNF-alphaTNFA Protein (Active)

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Glutamate decarboxylase 2, also known as glutamate decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform, 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD2 and GAD65, is a member of thegroup II decarboxylase family. GAD2 is identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. GAD2 is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantibody and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. GAD2 may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. GAD2 is implicated in the formation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of food intake. GABA is synthesized in brain by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (Gad), GAD1 and GAD2. GAD1 provides most of the GABA in brain, but GAD2 can be rapidly activated in times of high GABA demand. Mice lacking GAD2 are viable whereas deletion of GAD1 is lethal. Deletion of GAD2 increased ethanol palatability and intake and slightly reduced the severity of ethanol-induced withdrawal.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) belongs to the family of insulin-like growth factors that are structurally homologous to proinsulin. Mature IGFs are generated by proteolytic processing of inactive precursor protein containing N-terminal and C-terminal propeptide regions. Mature human IGF-I consisting of 70 amino acids with 94% identity with mouse IGF1 and exhibits cross-species activity. IGF1 binds IGF-1R; IGF-2R; and the insulin receptor and plays a key role in cell cycle progression; cell proliferation and tumor progression. IGF1 expression is regulated by growth hormone.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

IL1B belongs to the IL-1 family. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a family of polypeptide cytokines consisting of two agonists, IL-1 alpha (IL-1F1) and IL-1 beta (IL-1F2) encoded by two distinct genes and perform identical biological functions. IL-1 stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing IL-2 release, B-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL-1 proteins are involved in the inflammatory response. It is identified as endogenous pyrogens, and is reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic, alpha -helical, 22-28 kDa phosphorylated and variably glycosylated cytokine that plays important roles in the acute phase reaction, inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and cancer progression. IL-6 induces signaling through a cell surface heterodimeric receptor complex composed of a ligand binding subunit (IL-6 R alpha) and a signal transducing subunit (gp130). IL-6 binds to IL-6 R alpha, triggering IL-6 R alpha association with gp130 and gp130 dimerization. Soluble forms of IL-6 R alpha are generated by both alternative splicing and proteolytic cleavage. In a mechanism known as trans-signaling, complexes of soluble IL-6 and IL-6 R alpha elicit responses from gp130-expressing cells that lack cell surface IL-6 R alpha. Trans-signaling enables a wider range of cell types to respond to IL-6, as the expression of gp130 is ubiquitous, while that of IL-6 R alpha is predominantly restricted to hepatocytes, monocytes, and resting lymphocytes. Soluble splice forms of gp130 block trans-signaling from IL-6/IL-6 R alpha but not from other cytokines that use gp130 as a co-receptor. IL-6, along with TNF-alpha and IL-1, drives the acute inflammatory response and the transition from acute inflammation to either acquired immunity or chronic inflammatory disease. When dysregulated, it contributes to chronic inflammation in obesity, insulin resistance, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, sepsis, and atherosclerosis. IL-6 can also function as an anti-inflammatory molecule, as in skeletal muscle where it is secreted in response to exercise.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

IL-10 is a anti-inflammatory cytokine which belongs to the IL-10 family. It is produced by a variety of cell lines, including T-cells, macrophages, mast cells and other cell types, while it is produced primarily by monocytes and to a lesser extent by lymphocytes. IL-10 is mainly expressed in monocytes and Type 2 T helper cells (TH2), mast cells, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and also in a certain subset of activated T cells and B cells. IL-10 has pleiotropic effects in immunoregulation and inflammation. It down-regulates the expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II Ags, and costimulatory molecules on macrophages. It also enhances B cell survival, proliferation, and antibody production. IL-10 can block NF-kappa B activity, and is involved in the regulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the function of this cytokine as an essential immunoregulator in the intestinal tract. The importance of interleukin 10 for counteracting excessive immunity in the human body is revealed by the fact that patients with Crohn's disease react favorably towards treatment with bacteria producing recombinant IL-10. IL-10 inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T-cells. It also displays a potent ability to suppress the antigen-presentation capacity of antigen presenting cells. However, it is also stimulatory towards certain T cells and mast cells and stimulates B cell maturation and antibody production.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Subunit B (PDGFB) belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. Platelet-derived growth factor is a potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. PDGFB can exist either as a homodimer (PDGF-BB) or as a heterodimer with the platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide (PDGF-AB), where the dimers are connected by disulfide bonds. Mutations in this gene are associated with meningioma.Binding of PDGFB to its receptor elicits a variety of cellular responses. In addition, PDGFB is released by platelets upon wounding and plays an important role in stimulating adjacent cells to grow and thereby heals the wound.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) belongs to the transcription factor STAT family. STAT3 contains one SH2 domain and is a transcription factor expressed in most cell types. STAT3 is activated by multiple cytokines and growth factors including: IFN-a, IL-10, IL-6, IL-11, IL-12, IL-2, EGF etc.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Tau proteins are proteins which contain four Tau/MAP repeats. They promote microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. They are abundant in neurons of the central nervous system and are less common elsewhere, but are also expressed at very low levels in CNS astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The tau proteins are the product of alternative splicing from a single gene that in humans is designated MAPT. When tau proteins are defective, and no longer stabilize microtubules properly, they can result in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, cortico-basal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Transforming Growth Factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-β family. TGFβ-1 is abundantly expressed in bone; articular cartilage and chondrocytes and is increased in osteoarthritis (OA). TGFβ-1 performs many cellular functions; including the control of cell growth; cell proliferation; cell differentiation and apoptosis. The precursor is cleaved into a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature TGFβ-1 peptide. TGFβ-1 may also form heterodimers with other TGFβ family members. It has been found that TGFβ-1 is frequently upregulated in tumor cells. Mutations in this gene results in Camurati-Engelmann disease.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

TNFα is a homotrimer with a subunit molecular mass of 17 kD cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It plays a major role in growth regulation; differentiation; inflammation; viral replication; tumorigenesis; autoimmune diseases and in viral; bacterial; fungal; and parasitic infections. Besides inducing hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors; TNF was found to be involved in tumorigenesis; tumor metastasis; viral replication; septic shock; fever; inflammation; and autoimmune diseases including Crohn’s disease; and rheumatoid arthritis as well as graft-versus-host disease.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Human Vitronectin/VTN is a cell adhesion and spreading factor. It can be found in the blood and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Vitronectin interacts with glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. The multimeric Vitronectin can efficiently bind to and incorporate into the ECM; Vitronectin can support cell adhesion through binding to various integrins and other proteoglycans. Vitronectin can be recognized by certain members of the integrin family and serves as a cell-to-substrate adhesion molecular. It can as a inhibitor of the membrane-damaging effect of the terminal cytolytic complement pathway. Vitronectin contains an endogenous cleavage site; plus cleavage sites for elastase; thrombin; and plasmin.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Serotransferrin belongs to transferrin family, and contains 2 transferrin-like domains. The protein is a secreted protein, and expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe3+ ions in association with the binding of an anion. It is responsible for the transport of iron from sites of absorption and heme degradation to those of storage and utilization. Serum transferrin may also have a further role in stimulating cell proliferation.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Human β-Nerve Growth Factor (β-NGF) was initially isolated in the mouse submandibular gland. It is composed of three non-covalently linked subunits α; β; and γ; it exhibits all the biological activities ascribed to NGF. It is structurally related to BDNF; NT-3 and NT-4 and belongs to the cysteine-knot family of growth factors that assume stable dimeric structures. Β-NGF is a neurotrophic factor that signals through its receptor β-NGF; and plays a crucial role in the development and preservation of the sensory and sympathetic nervous systems. Β-NGF also acts as a growth and differentiation factor for B lymphocytes and enhances B-cell survival. These results suggest that β-NGF is a pleiotropic cytokine; which in addition to its neurotropic activities may have an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Human β-NGF shares 90% sequence similarity with mouse protein and shows cross-species reactivity.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is the prototype of a growing superfamily of peptide growth factors and plays a prominent role in a variety of cellular processes, including cell-cycle progression, cell differentiation, reproductive function, development, motility, adhesion, neuronal growth, bone morphogenesis, wound healing, and immune surveillance. TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 signal via the same heteromeric receptor complex, consisting of a ligand binding TGF-β receptor type II (TβR-II), and a TGF-β receptor type I (TβR-I). Signal transduction from the receptor to the nucleus is mediated via SMADs. TGF-β expression is found in cartilage, bone, teeth, muscle, heart, blood vessels, haematopoitic cells, lung, kidney, gut, liver, eye, ear, skin, and the nervous system.

Manufacturer: Elabscience

Weakly binds calcium but binds zinc very tightly-distinct binding sites with different affinities exist for both ions on each monomer. Physiological concentrations of potassium ion antagonize the binding of both divalent cations, especially affecting high-affinity calcium-binding sites. Binds to and initiates the activation of STK38 by releasing autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions within the kinase. Interaction with AGER after myocardial infarction may play a role in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling. Could assist ATAD3A cytoplasmic processing, preventing aggregation and favoring mitochondrial localization. May mediate calcium-dependent regulation on many physiological processes by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and modulating their activity.